When we think of symbols that represent a state, often what comes to mind are flags, seals, or anthems. However, each state also has its own unique set of symbols that often include plants, animals, and even fossils. Birds, with their rich symbolism and association with freedom and the skies above, are a popular choice for state representation.
The bright red Northern Cardinal, with its distinctive crest and black facial mask, was designated the official state bird of Virginia in 1950. This striking and familiar backyard songbird holds a special place in the hearts of Virginians.
Description of the Northern Cardinal
The male Northern Cardinal is unmistakable with his brilliant scarlet plumage offset by a black mask, thick red bill, and a prominent crest. The female, while less vibrantly colored, also sports a reddish hue on her wings, tail, and crest. Her body is tan with red accents.
These medium-sized songbirds measure approximately 8-9 inches in length with a wingspan around 10 inches. They typically weigh between 1.5 to 1.7 ounces. The male Northern Cardinal is slightly larger than the female.
This species shows little variation in appearance across its wide range. The only notable differences occur in the desert Southwest, where the red plumage appears duller and more orange compared to the bright scarlet of cardinals found in the eastern parts of the country.
Habitat and Range of Northern Cardinal
The Northern Cardinal inhabits open woodlands, thickets, gardens, and shrublands. They thrive in areas with dense vegetation interspersed with clearings. Cardinals prefer lower elevations but can be found up to 10,000 feet in some parts of their range.
This bird breeds across eastern North America from southern Canada to the Gulf states and southwestern United States. Parts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras also host breeding populations. The Northern Cardinal has expanded its range northward in recent decades as backyard bird feeding has increased.
In Virginia, cardinals can be found statewide in appropriate habitat. They are a common sight in backyards and city parks throughout the Commonwealth.
Diet and Feeding Behavior of Cardinals
Northern Cardinals are mainly seed-eating birds but also consume insects, fruits, and berries. Favorite seeds include sunflower, safflower, millet, and cracked corn. Cardinals will also visit hummingbird feeders for the sugar water.
These birds employ various feeding techniques suited to different food sources. They hull seeds with their stout conical bill, glean insects from foliage, hover briefly to pluck berries, and even occasionally catch insects in mid-air. Cardinals sometimes “foot sweep”, using their feet to rake aside debris to uncover hidden morsels.
Cardinals forage primarily on the ground or in low vegetation. They make short flights from perch to feeding area. In winter, cardinals usually visit bird feeders for an easy meal.
The Northern Cardinal: Vocalizations
The Northern Cardinal is one of the most vocally talented backyard birds. Both males and females possess a wide range of chirps, trills, and whistles used to communicate and defend territories.
Some of the most recognizable vocalizations include:
- Loud, metallic “chip” notes
- Whistled phrases like “cheer-cheer-cheer” and “birdy-birdy-birdy”
- Rhythmic trills and sweet warbled songs
- Sharp alarm calls when disturbed
The male sings year-round, announcing his territory and attracting a mate. Song volume and frequency increase during the spring breeding season. The female joins in duets once paired.
Reproduction and Nesting
Northern Cardinals are monogamous and often mate for life. In Virginia, the breeding season runs from March through September.
The female builds a cup-shaped nest out of twigs, leaves, vines, and grasses. It is located in a dense shrub or small tree 1-10 feet off the ground. She incubates the eggs alone for 12-13 days. The male feeds her during this time.
Clutch size is typically 2-5 eggs which hatch after about two weeks. Both parents feed the young chick a diet of insects and seeds. Fledglings leave the nest at 9-11 days old but remain dependent on their parents for several more weeks.
Cardinals can raise 2-3 broods per season. Cardinals aggressively defend nests against predators with mobbing calls and direct attacks if necessary.
Backyard Tips to Attract Cardinals
Here are some tips for luring lovely cardinals to your backyard:
- Offer sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cracked corn, millet, dried fruit, and mealworms
- Provide fresh water daily in a birdbath, fountain, or ground tray
- Plant native shrubs and trees like dogwoods and viburnums which produce berries
- Allow vegetation to grow naturally with minimal trimming for nesting sites
- Install a nesting box specifically designed for cardinals
- Limit pesticide use which reduces insect food sources
With a welcoming habitat and reliable food sources, the flashy Northern Cardinal will brighten up your backyard for years to come!
How Did the Cardinal Became Virginia’s State Bird
In 1926, Virginia schoolchildren voted to select the cardinal as the state bird but political red tape delayed the official designation for decades.
Finally, in 1950, the Virginia General Assembly passed a resolution confirming the Northern Cardinal as the official state bird of the Commonwealth of Virginia.
The cardinal won out over other candidates like the Carolina chickadee and Carolina wren. Its selection was likely influenced by the fact that neighboring states Kentucky and West Virginia had already chosen the Northern cardinal as their state bird.
The bright red coloration of the male cardinal may have also drawn Virginia lawmakers. The bird’s brilliant plumage reminded them of the red robes worn by Catholic cardinals.
Cardinal Symbolism and Significance
Beyond its natural beauty, the Northern Cardinal possesses symbolic meaning for the state of Virginia. The cardinal’s red color represents the sacrifice of Virginia soldiers killed in battle, including those who died fighting for the Confederacy during the Civil War.
The bird also signifies the lifeblood that flows through Virginia’s history. Cardinals were present during the earliest colonial days and remain abundant today, connecting past and present.
Their melodious songs bring joy and comfort. The cardinal’s high-pitched whistles provide a musical backdrop to everyday life in the Old Dominion.
For Virginians, the cardinal represents home. Its cheery red presence in backyards across the Commonwealth provides a sense of place and connection.
Conservation Status of the State Bird of Virginia
The Northern Cardinal has a large range and increasing population trend. The species rates as a Species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List with an estimated global extent of 5.7 million square kilometers.
In Virginia, cardinals are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act which prohibits killing, capturing, selling, or possessing cardinals, their eggs, or nests without a permit.
While common and not considered threatened presently, Northern Cardinals still face risks like habitat loss and window collisions. Backyard birders can support cardinal conservation through mindful practices:
- Making windows visible to prevent strikes
- Keeping cats indoors to reduce predation
- Creating bird-friendly spaces with native plants
- Participating in citizen science surveys like the Great Backyard Bird Count
Final Thoughts
The Northern Cardinal remains a beloved fixture of the Virginia landscape. Its bright plumage and singing voice add beauty and melody to each new day.
As the official state bird since 1950, the cardinal holds a special place in every Virginian’s heart. It is a living symbol of the spirit and values of the Commonwealth. Protecting cardinals means protecting a piece of Virginia’s heritage.
Whether you spot them perched atop a pine tree or hear their songs ringing out on a quiet morning, Northern Cardinals always bring cheer. Their vibrant presence will continue inspiring and captivating residents and visitors alike for generations to come.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is the Northern Cardinal the state bird of Virginia?
The Northern Cardinal was chosen as the state bird of Virginia in 1950 because of its beauty and prevalence across the state. Cardinals are familiar backyard birds that add a pop of bright red color. Their songs bring cheer to Virginia gardens and woodlands.
When did the Northern Cardinal become the official state bird of Virginia?
The Northern Cardinal was officially adopted as the state bird of Virginia on January 25, 1950 when the Virginia General Assembly passed a resolution confirming the designation.
How can I attract Northern Cardinals to my backyard?
Offer sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cracked corn, dried fruit, and mealworms. Provide fresh water daily and plant native shrubs and trees that produce berries. Allow natural vegetation to grow for nesting sites. Limit pesticide use.
Is the Northern Cardinal endangered in Virginia?
No, Northern Cardinals have a large range and increasing population. They are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act but are not considered threatened or endangered presently in Virginia.
Where in Virginia can I see wild Northern Cardinals?
Cardinals are found statewide in appropriate habitat like woodland edges, thickets, parks, and backyards. Look for these bright red birds on the ground or in low vegetation. Listen for their loud metallic “chip” notes and whistled songs.